List of Figures

• Figure 1 Photoperiodogram of Aedes impiger flight activity.
• Figure 2 Photoperiodogram of Aedes nigripes flight activity.
• Figure 3 Photoperiodogram of Aedes aegypti, ssp. aegypti LSHTM strain, flight activity.
• Figure 4 Photoperiodogram of Aedes aegypti, ssp. aegypti Ilobi strain, flight activity.
• Figure 5 Photoperiodogram of Aedes aegypti, ssp. formosus Bwamba strain, flight activity.
• Figure 6 Photoperiodogram of Aedes aegypti, ssp. formosus West Nile strain, flight activity.
• Figure 7 Photoperiodogram of Anopheles plumbeus flight activity.
• Figure 8 Photoperiodogram of Culex pipiens molestus flight activity. Simplified graph derived from Chiba & Tomioka (1992), activity shown per hour.
• Figure 9 Photoperiodogram of Aedes cinereus flight activity.
• Figure 10 Photoperiodogram of Aedes punctor flight activity.
• Figure 11 Photoperiodogram of Aedes detritus flight activity.
• Figure 12 Photoperiodogram of Anopheles atroparvus flight activity.
• Figure 13 Photoperiodogram of Anopheles farauti flight activity.
• Figure 14 Photoperiodogram of Anopheles stephensi flight activity.
• Figure 15 Photoperiodogram of Coquillettidia richiardii flight activity.
• Figure 16 Photoperiodogram of Culex pipiens pipiens, summer generation, flight activity.
• Figure 17 Photoperiodogram of Culex pipiens pipiens, hibernating generation, flight activity.
• Figure 18 Photoperiodogram of Anopheles gambiae flight activity. Data derived from Jones et al. (1972).
• Figure 19 Photoperiodogram of Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus flight activity.
• Figure 20 Photoperiodogram of Culex torrentium flight activity.

Section 2
In all graphs details are given the label boxes and the sine waves explained in the appropriate text. The Y-axis shows the mean score per half-hour (maximum 30) for the flight activity of several individuals (n) and the time scale (X-axis) is divided into half-hour intervals.

• Figure 21 Aedes aegypti, ssp. aegypti LSHTM strain, the rhythm of activity in LD 12:12 following rearing in LL.
• Figure 22 Aedes aegypti, ssp. aegypti LSHTM strain, the rhythm of activity in LL followed by DD.
• Figure 23 Aedes aegypti, ssp. aegypti LSHTM strain, the rhythm of activity in LD 12:12 following rearing in LL and a possible oscillator sine wave (OFF SINE).
• Figure 24 Aedes aegypti, ssp. aegypti LSHTM strain, development of sine wave concept, showing modulation of OFF SINE by dark suppression.
• Figure 25 Aedes aegypti, ssp. aegypti LSHTM strain, development of sine wave concept, showing OFF SINE with a period length of 12 h, plus modulation by dark suppression.
• Figure 26 Aedes aegypti, ssp. aegypti LSHTM strain, development of sine wave concept, by addition of the OFF ANTISINE.
• Figure 27 Aedes aegypti, ssp. aegypti LSHTM strain, activity in LL and DD, with application of OFF SINE and OFF ANTISINE sine waves of differing periodicity (26h in LL and 22.5h in DD).
• Figure 28 Aedes aegypti, ssp. aegypti LSHTM strain, activity in LD 12:12 with modulated OFF SINE and OFF ANTISINE waves.
• Figure 29 Aedes aegypti, ssp. aegypti LSHTM strain, activity in LD 20:4 with modulated OFF SINE and OFF ANTISINE waves.
• Figure 30 Aedes aegypti, ssp. aegypti LSHTM strain, activity in LD 20:4, with modulated OFF SINE and OFF ANTISINE waves plus ON SINE and ON ANTISINE waves.
• Figure 31 Aedes aegypti, ssp. aegypti LSHTM strain, activity in LL following (a) LD 20:4, and (b) LD 4:20 (both rearing regimes) with the full complement of OFF SINE, OFF ANTISINE, ON SINE and ON ANTISINE waves.
• Figure 32 Aedes aegypti, ssp. aegypti LSHTM strain, activity in LD 12:12 showing a full synthesis of the four-clock system.
• Figure 33 Aedes aegypti, ssp. aegypti LSHTM strain, activity in LL following rearing in LD 12:12, showing a full synthesis of the four-clock system.
• Figure 34 Aedes aegypti, ssp. aegypti LSHTM strain, activity in DD following (a) rearing in LD 4:20, (b) rearing in LD 12:12, changed to LD 4:20 by delaying light-on, and (c) rearing in LD 12:12, changed to LD 4:20 by advancing light-off; each plus a full synthesis of the four-clock system.
• Figure 35 Aedes aegypti, ssp. aegypti LSHTM strain, full synthesis of four-clock system, as applied to a range of LD regimes, for an early-crepuscular species.
• Figure 36 Culex pipiens molestus, circadian activity in LL and DD, plus the four-clock system. Activity data derived from Chiba & Tomioka (1992).
• Figure 37 Culex pipiens molestus, full synthesis of four-clock system, as applied to a range of LD regimes, for an early-crepuscular species. Activity data derived from Chiba & Tomioka (1992).
• Figure 38 Anopheles plumbeus, full synthesis of four-clock system, as applied to a range of LD regimes, for an early-crepuscular species.
• Figure 39 Aedes impiger, full synthesis of four-clock system, as applied to a range of LD regimes, for a fully day-active species.
• Figure 40 Aedes nigripes, full synthesis of four-clock system, as applied to a range of LD regimes, for a fully day-active species.
• Figure 41 Aedes punctor, full synthesis of four-clock system, as applied to a range of LD regimes, for a late-crepuscular species.
• Figure 42 Anopheles atroparvus, full synthesis of four-clock system, as applied to a range of LD regimes, for a late-crepuscular species.
• Figure 43 Anopheles farauti, full synthesis of four-clock system, as applied to a range of LD regimes, for a late-crepuscular species.
• Figure 44 Anopheles stephensi, full synthesis of four-clock system, as applied to a range of LD regimes, for a late-crepuscular species.
• Figure 45 Culex pipiens pipiens, summer generation, full synthesis of four-clock system, as applied to a range of LD regimes, for a late-crepuscular species.
• Figure 46 Culex pipiens pipiens, winter generation, full synthesis of four-clock system, as applied to a range of LD regimes, for a late-crepuscular species.
• Figure 47 Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus, full synthesis of four-clock system, as applied to a range of LD regimes, for a fully dark-active species.
• Figure 48 Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus, evidence for the four-clock system, for a fully dark-active species; demonstrated by activity in DD following rearing in (a) LD 12:12; and (b) LD 4:20.
• Figure 49 Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus,evidence for the four-clock system, for a fully dark-active species; demonstrated by activity in DD following rearing in (a) LD 12:12; and (b) LD 4:20; with modulation to match the observed fully dark-active pattern.
• Figure 50a, Figure 50b, Figure 50c, Figure 50d, Figure 50e, Figure 50f, Figure 50g, Figure 50h, Figure 50i, Figure 50j, Figure 50k, and Figure 50l
  Visualization of the four-clock model of circadian activity in LD 12:12. The individual curves are plotted with a speed of 22.5h per cycle in darkness and 26h per cycle in light. The OFF and ON waves are reset by dusk and dawn respectively. Graphs a and b show the full curves but the activity simulations (c-l) show only positive values. The Y-axis indicates the potential for activity induction - this is inhibited in dark for light-active organisms (c-e, i and k) and in light for dark-active organisms (f-h, j and l). The graphs for crepuscular organisms (d-g)also simulate the effect of threshold inhibition. The separation of clocks in extreme LD regimes is illustrated in the examples suggested for light-active and dark-active organisms in LD 20:4 (i-j) and LD 4:20 (l-k).
• Figure 51 The four-clock model of circadian activity in LD 12:12 shown with the clocks having a summative effect. Curves otherwise as in figures 50c and 50h.
• Figure 52 Visualization of the effect of hormonal suppression of the SINE clocks in inseminated females of certain mosquito species.
• Figure 53 Photoperiodogram of the walking rhythm of honeybees, Apis mellifera ligustica, derived from Moore & Rankin (1993).

Appendix Figures

Flight activity of mosquitoes in a range of LD regimes. The Y-axis shows the mean activity score per half-hour (maximum 30) for several individuals (see text for numbers) and the time scale (X-axis) is divided into half-hour intervals.

• Figure A1 Aedes aegypti, ssp. aegypti LSHTM strain, flight activity in different LD regimes.
• Figure A2 Aedes aegypti, ssp. aegypti Ilobi strain, flight activity in different LD regimes.
• Figure A3 Aedes aegypti, ssp. formosus Bwamba strain, flight activity in different LD regimes.
• Figure A4 Aedes aegypti, ssp. formosus West Nile strain, flight activity in different LD regimes.
• Figure A5 Aedes punctor flight activity in different LD regimes.
• Figure A6 Anopheles atroparvus flight activity in different LD regimes in different LD regimes.
• Figure A7 Anopheles farauti flight activity in different LD regimes.
• Figure A8 Anopheles plumbeus flight activity in different LD regimes.
• Figure A9 Anopheles stephensi flight activity in different LD regimes; the LD 20:4 activity graph starts from two hours after light-on.
• Figure A10 Culex pipiens pipiens, summer generation, flight activity in different LD regimes.
• Figure A11 Culex pipiens pipiens, hibernating generation, flight activity in different LD regimes.
• Figure A12 Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus flight activity in different LD regimes.
• Figure A13 Aedes cinereus flight activity in different LD regimes.
• Figure A14 Aedes detritus flight activity in different LD regimes.
• Figure A15 Aedes geniculatus flight activity in different LD regimes.
• Figure A16 Aedes impiger flight activity in different LD regimes; activity in LD 23:1 was recorded for only thirty hours.
• Figure A17 Aedes nigripes flight activity in different LD regimes.
• Figure A18 Coquillettidia richiardii flight activity in different LD regimes.
• Figure A19 Culex torrentium flight activity in different LD regimes.

©1998, 2010 - Brian Taylor CBiol FSB FRES 11, Grazingfield, Wilford, Nottingham, NG11 7FN, U.K. Comments to dr.b.taylor@ntlworld.com

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