CONTENTS

• Summary and Dedication

• Introduction
• Section 1 - Comparative analysis of the patterns of flight activity under various photoperiods
  • Summary and notes on the photoperiodogram plotting technique
  The photoperiodograms are grouped as follows, with a discussion of group results in each instance:
  • Fully day-active species - Aedes impiger and Aedes nigripes.
  • Early (strong light) crepuscular species - Aedes aegypti, with comparison of two strains each of the subspecies aegypti and formosus, and Anopheles plumbeus, plus sourced data on Culex pipiens molestus.
  • Median crepuscular species - Aedes cinereus and Aedes punctor.
  • Late (very low light) crepuscular species - Aedes detritus, Anopheles atroparvus, Anopheles farauti, Anopheles stephensi, Coquillettidia richiardii and Culex pipiens pipiens (summer and winter generations), plus sourced data on Anopheles gambiae.
  • Fully night-active species - Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus and Culex torrentium.
  • Section Discussion
• Section 2 - Development of the multi-clock concept
  • Introduction
  • Data & Presentation
  • Development of a theory for entrainment based on detailed observations of Aedes aegypti ssp aegypti LSHTM strain
  • Evidence from studies of Culex pipiens molestus
  • Significance of period length in LL
  • Evidence from studies of other light-active mosquitoes
  • Evidence from studies of median crepuscular species
  • Evidence from studies of dark-active mosquitoes - (a) Late crepuscular (very low light) mosquitoes
  • Evidence from studies of dark-active mosquitoes - (b) Fully night-active mosquitoes
  • A new circadian system
  • Evaluation of the new system - (a) Development of the model
  • Evaluation of the new system continued - (b) Restriction of the concept to insect circadian rhythms; (c) Orthodox theories; (d) Complex theories; and (e) Defining "peaks" of activity
  • Evaluation of the new system continued - (f) Multiple peaks and peak splitting; (g) The contribution of individual clocks; and (h) Dawn and dusk thresholds
  • Evaluation of the new system continued - (i) Do the clocks act separately or are their effects summative?; and, (j) Circadian periodicity
  • Evaluation of the new system concluded
• Addendum 1999 - Flying in the face of conventional theories